The Victims
The victims
Another feel good book about nurses for nurses
by
Madelaine Lawrence
Three Worries follows Lynn, a perceptive nursing ED director, managing a trafficked victim's resuscitation, navigating professional and romantic interests, giving out $20s and thwarting a career-threatening plot. Lynn with a police detective and hospital security work to catch her assailant.
She also employs evidence-based face-to-face giving, like assisting with paying for groceries, for positive outcomes. The book gives detailed descriptions of giving that trigger feel-good hormones - dopamine, oxytocin, and serotonin- enhancing both Lynn's and the recipients' lives.
"Three Worries" is available on AMAZON.com |
As defined by U.S. law, victims of human trafficking can be divided into three populations:
- Children under the age of 18 induced into commercial sex
- Adults (age 18 or over) induced into commercial sex through force, fraud, or coercion
- Children and adults induced to perform labor or services through force, fraud, or coercion
https://humantraffickinghotline.org/what-human-trafficking/human-trafficking/victims 
In 2019, there were 4,312 contacts from victims and survivors of human trafficking called into the human trafficking hotline. That is a 19% increase over the 3,625 calls made in 2018. In 2019, 11,500 situations of human trafficking were identified through the hotline. Contact by text grew by 33% in 2019.
https://humantraffickinghotline.org/sites/default/files/
Polaris-2019-US-National-Human-Trafficking-Hotline-Data-Report.pdf
The points of access for help are from the following:
- Friends/Family 1,863
- Law Enforcement/Criminal Justice 1,332
- Health Services 917
- Mobile Apps/Social Media 494
- Child Welfare System 487
Out of 22,326 total victims and survivors identified, here is the breakdown by type of trafficking:
- Sex trafficking 14,597
- Labor trafficing 4,934
- Sex and labor 1,048
- Not specified 1,747
As we have seen in the statistics from Texas, the percentages of gender and age can vary depending upon the environment of the state.
https://humantraffickinghotline.org/sites/default/files/
Polaris-2019-US-National-Human-Trafficking-
Hotline-Data-Report.pdf
Individuals at risk
Trafficking affects persons in every demographic, but some individuals are more vulnerable to exploitation by traffickers than others.
The following are factors that have been found to be precursor of individuals becoming victims of trafficking;
- Being a runaway and homeless youth (56% of prostituted women were initially runaways youth)
- Marginalization in their society because of social, cultural or economic reasons
- Children in foster care
- Abuse and/or neglect
- Poverty
- Intellectual or physical disabilities
- Lack of access to resources
- Victim of domestic violence and/or sexual abuse
- Foreign nationals who become indebted to traffickers for work visas and transportation
- Language barriers
- Unemployment
- Inability to provide for themselves and children
- Homelessness
- Substance use (Polaris project, 2015)
How do victims get lured?
Traffickers make false promises to potential victims. They could promise a loving relationship, a lucrative job, a better place to live, U.S. citizenship, a wonderful career like modeling or dancing, gifts of clothing or jewelry (Macias-Konstantopoulos, 2015). Sometimes traffickers approach parents or other family members forcing young daughters, sisters, or nieces to sell sex.
Brittany met a man at her local mall who offered her a job at his restaurant. Instead of working as a waitress, Brittany was forced to sell sex in a hotel room (Polaris, 2015)
Numerous news outlet reported on an American Airlines press release about an agent who became suspicious when two teenage girls, 15 and 17, were at her ticket counter. They had no identification or adult guardians, but each had a first-class ticket to New York City from Sacramento purchased for them. The name of the purchaser did not match the names of either of the girls. The agent reported the situation to her supervisor and the authorities. The girls had been promised by a man they met on Instagram $2,000 for modeling in music videos in New York. The girls were surprised to learn the tickets were one-way only. The authorities believe the girls lives were saved from being trafficked by the agent who had had training in identifying human trafficking potential and actual victims. http://abc13.com/airline-agent-saves-2-girls-from-suspected-human-trafficker/3086779/
Instant feedback
Some individuals are more vulnerable to exploitation by traffickers than others.
What makes victims stay
Most trafficking victims are in unfamiliar environments without family or friends. Some cannot speak the language of the local area. Traffickers often confiscate visas or passports. Victims can grow to not trust anyone because of the continuous exposure to lies and manipulations.
Here are some additional reasons:
- psychological trauma
- shame
- emotional attachment to the trafficker
- drug addiction
- physical threats to themselves or their children’s safety
Researchers who have interviewed survivors of trafficking believe Biderman’s Framework of coercion matches many of the psychosocial approaches used by traffickers. These techniques keep victims in check.
Isolation of the victim by depriving them of social support, creating dependency on the trafficker and focusing on the needs of the trafficker.
Monopolization of perception including the victim’s predicament, and results of not complying with the perpetrator.
Debilitation and exhaustion from starvation, sleep deprivation, tension and fear of the perpetrator weakening physical and psychological ability to resist.
Threats which induce fear.
Occasional indulgences which reinforces the omnipotence of the perpetrator providing intermittent reinforcement.
Omnipotence of the perpetrator through words and control reinforcing futility of leaving.
Devaluing the person through words and actions.
Creating trivial demands which reinforces compliance (Biderman, 1973; Baldwin, Fehrenbacher & Eisenman, 2014).
Baldwin, Fehrenbacher, and Eisenman (2015) in interviews with 12 adult women trafficked in LA County found they reported isolation, monopolization of perception, induced debility or exhaustion, threats, occasional indulgences, demonstration of omnipotence, degradation and enforcement of trivial demands. The results of these coercive tactics reinforced the submission of trafficked persons to their perpetrator with long term psychological problems.
Instant feedback
Biderman’s Framework of coercion includes which of the following psychosocial approaches that can be used by traffickers.
References
Baldwin, S.B., Fehrenbacher, A.E. & Eisenman, D.P. (2015). Psychological coercion in human trafficking: an application of Biderman's framework. Qual Health Res. 25(9),1171-81.
Biderman's Chart of Coercion. (1973). Amnesty International, Report on Torture. New York: Farra, Strauss, and Giroux.
Macias-Konstantopoulos, W.L., Munroe, D., Purcell, G., Tester, K., Burke, T.F. & Ahn, R. (2015). The commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the Boston metropolitan area: experiences and challenges faced by front-line providers and other stakeholders. J Appl Res Child. 6(1), 4. Available at: http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol6/iss1/4